(1) Restorative justice refers to a legal approach that centers the restoration of relationships and community harm caused by an offense, prioritizing reconciliation between offender, victim and community and the reintegration of the offender over punitive consequence.

(2) In its adoption, Indonesia draws its concept of restoration from Pancasila and Local Custom which are centered on communal harmony and relationship repair as the primary goal of dispute resolution. Indonesia currently applies restorative justice in a limited capacity, restricted to minor offenses (e.g. petty theft, minor assault and traffic accidents).

For the purposes of this debate, “indefinite extrajudicial detention” refers to the detention of individuals suspected of affiliation with organized criminal groups without the requirement of formal criminal charges, public trial, or fixed sentencing periods. Such detention may be authorized through executive or emergency powers outside ordinary criminal procedure.

Forum Non Conveniens (FNC) is a Common Law doctrine that allows a court to dismiss a lawsuit if there is a more appropriate and adequate forum (court) in another country for plaintiff to refile the case. In current context, FNC request is usually granted by the jurisdiction after weighing between private factors (e.g ease of access, evidence and witness location etc) and public factors (local interests etc). Currently FNC is not uses uniformly as different Common Law states acknowledges different interpretation of it while states adopting civil law uses their own standard of cross state case dismisal.

The Indian subcontinent was once united under British India. As British rule was ending and independence became more likely, tensions increased over political representation, religious identity, and minority rights between many Hindu and Muslim communities.

Since their separation in 1948, South Korea and North Korea have undergone multiple diplomatic efforts to establish reunification frameworks. One of the early proposals was the Democratic Confederal Republic of Koryo, put forward by North Korean leader Kim Il-sung in 1980, which aimed to establish a confederation where both governments and social systems would remain intact, governed by a shared national assembly. The proposal included the withdrawal of US troops from South Korea and equal legislative representation regardless of population size. This framework was rejected by South Korea and the United States refused to give consent under the Mutual Defense Treaty with South Korea.

The Manosphere is a loosely connected network of online communities united by gender grievance ideology, the belief that men are systematically disadvantaged by feminism and women, encompassing communities including incels, Men's Rights Activists, and Male Supremacists. Recently, there has been a significant increase of Manosphere induced aggression toward women globally, including but not limited to random physical assault, coordinated online harassment, and targeted sexual violence.

Subversion is an intentional and deliberate action taken by artists to subvert (syns. destroy, deconstruct) previously stigmatized or historically oppressive values/representatons. Popular (Pop) Feminist interpretes this through "subversive affirmation", which is an act of subtle subversion where artist adopt the values/representation but excessively imitate or subtly reinterpret them as a form of protest (e.g. Marilyn Monroe's excessive potrayal of Dumb Blonde in her public persona, Margot Robbie's subtle reinterpretation of Barbie's role). This differs from traditional and less mainstream feminist artists who use subversion through a more direct and radical method to deconstruct the values (e.g. Lynda Benglis's 1970 ads, including provocative pictures of herself as a form of protest of women's depiction in art).

Digital labor platforms (DLP) are app-based services that connect workers with clients or facilities by matching labor supply and demand through algorithmic systems, where workers are typically classified as independent contractors rather than employees of the platform. Currently major DLPs are predominantly regulated through general technology and platform frameworks rather than sector-specific labor and industry standards, as these platforms argue they are separate entities from the workers they deploy.

Jaminan Hari Tua (JHT) is a state-controlled retirement savings program managed by BPJS Ketenagakerjaan, in which the government determines all key aspects of the scheme. This includes setting the mandatory contribution rate (2% from employees), deciding how funds are invested (typically in conservative instruments such as government bonds), and regulating payout conditions (such as upon retirement, termination of employment, or other specified circumstances), leaving participants with little to no control over how their funds are managed.

Regenerative medicine refers to a branch of biomedical science that aims to repair, replace, or regenerate damaged cells, tissues, or organs to restore normal function; rather than merely treating symptoms (e.g. Stem Cell Therapy, Tissue Engineering, Cell-based immunotherapies etc.). A lot of the regenerative medicine are currently within the phase 1 & 2 of development but struggle to pass through the next phase of clinical trial (3 & final) due to tight regulation within their origin country. e.g. US with their FDA (Food and Drug Administration), EU with their ATMP (Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products) regulation etc. 

Since the 1979 Iranian Revolution, many Western and regional powers have viewed Iran as a major destabilizing force in West Asia (formerly known as Middle East) due to its nuclear ambitions, support for proxy groups, and opposition to US and Israeli influence. Over the past two decades, West Asia region has also experienced repeated waves of uprisings, including the Arab Spring.

"The Alliance of Sahel States (AES) is a formal coalition formed in 2023 by the military-led governments of Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger. It emerged after a series of coups in the region fueled by public anger over weak governance, corruption, and uncontrolled Islamist insurgencies. 

The new regimes have expelled French military forces from the Sahel territory. Recently, they announced their withdrawal from Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), and instead aim to strengthen ties with non-Western partners such as Russia, Turkey, and the Wagner Group."

Military neutrality refers to a policy where states avoid joining military alliances and refrain from participating in wars between other states. Historically, several European countries such as Austria, Switzerland, Finland, and Sweden maintained neutrality during the Cold War to preserve autonomy and reduce the risk of great-power confrontation.

Animus reflects the consious and unconsious Inner masculine quality in women. This covers traits such as assertiveness, control, stoicsm and etc; all come from the universal traits assumed to be masculine.

"Green growth" is an ecological framework that advocates for economic expansion and environmental sustainability to be achieved simultaneously. Examples of Green growth strategies include subsidizing renewable energy, carbon pricing and trading, and mass manufacturing of electric vehicles.

"Post-growth" is an ecological framework that advocates for the reorientation of the economy away from GDP growth towards human and ecological well-being. It focuses on reducing unnecessary production and redistributing existing resources. Examples of Post-growth strategies include reducing working hours, enacting ecological tax reforms, limiting wealth accumulation, and scaling down ecologically destructive industries."

Climate funding for adaptation is international aid given to countries and communities at risk for climate change impact. Adaptation fund is source from NGO, international organization or green philantropist; and is usually use to support impacted community to adapt with the increasing risk of their living location. 

Cathartic Neural Dissolver (CND) is a hypothetical technology; capable of absorbing, processing and fully dissolving negative emotional experiences from a human subject. Upon completion the subject retains complete informational memory of the experience but the emotional charge attached to it is permanently neutralized, leaving a state of affective blankness where the emotion once existed.

Cosmicism is a philosophical view stating that human existence is fundamentally insignificant within a vast, indifferent universe. It advocates for "cosmic humility," viewing the emergence of superior, non-human intelligence not as a tragedy to be fought, but as the natural next step in the evolution of the universe.

In an economic market, trading refers to the voluntary exchange of assets. This includes the ability to divide assets into smaller units (fractional ownership), repurchase previously transferred assets, resell them within secondary markets, use them as collateral for borrowing, and enter contracts involving future or conditional transfers

Post-caliphate era is the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire in 1924  which marked the end of a unified, hierarchical management of Islam, triggering a transition toward smaller, centralized religious authorities by states.

Religious holy books have historically been preserved in their original form, with translation as the only accepted modification. Religious communities treat these scriptures as the word of God, using them as the primary reference for belief, practice, and moral guidance.

Contextual footnotes would involve adding historical background, linguistic clarification, or modern interpretation of the verses, while keeping the original wording unchanged

The debt ceiling is a legal limit set by the US Congress on the total amount of money that the federal government can borrow to meet its existing obligations. The government must obtain congressional approval to raise this limit. Failure to raise the limit can result in political deadlock, potential government shutdowns, or the risk of default on national debt

"Retail investor surges are periods during which large numbers of non-professional investors rapidly purchase specific stocks or assets. These surges are typically driven by social media influence or market hype.

Leveraged trading refers to the use of borrowed funds or financial instruments to increase the size of an investment beyond the trader’s own capital (e.g., margin trading). Leverage acts as a multiplier, be it for profit or losses. "

Place detachment refers to the erosion of meaningful emotional, cultural and social bonds between individuals or communities and their physical living environment.

Genius loci refers to the distinctive characteristic of a place. It encompasses the physical body of a place, such as its topography and buildings; the nostalgic essence of a place, including generational attachment and sociocultural interaction; and how the space feels, such as the sense of comfort and familiarity. Genius loci varies in intensity across different spaces, from weak to significant. Genius Loci is not the same as the historical and cultural placement put on indigenous space, which is considered through ancestral connection and spiritual ties to the land. 

AAA (or triple-A), is a term used to classify video games produced by major developers, charactierized by large production and marketing budgets, often resulting in the end products of ambitious video games with longer playing times and hyperrealistic graphics. Some prominent examples of AAA games include Red Dead Redemption II, Crimson Dessert, Assassin's Creed: Shadows, Elden Ring, and more.

Recently, triple-A game studios face massive criticisms from the gaming community. Many recent AAA games are considered to have repetitive gameplay, massive performance issues at launch, and an overall decline in quality while getting increasingly higher in price. This decline is reflected on the drop in sales and a new trend of AAA games being outcompeted in the market by smaller, less ambitious indie game titles.

In the recent decade there has been a significant increase of generative AI usage within game companies. AI is used for different purposes including but not limited to concept art generation, narrative and dialogue writing, voice acting, and many others. 

Steam is one of the biggest game platforms in the world, accounting for over 70% of digital PC game sales globally. Their platform uses a discovery system that prioritizes titles based on existing user engagement and sales momentum. For a developer to make a submission, they are required to meet stricter standards including a submission fee, a fixed revenue split, and a content review process which in recent years has been seen as unclear and unpredictable.

In recent years there has been a rising presence of alternative platforms including GOG, which operates a DRM (Digital Rights Management)-free catalogue where all purchased games are fully owned by users, unlike Steam where users only license their games, and itch.io, a community driven open marketplace which operates under an open submission model allowing any developer to publish and distribute their games directly with minimum moderation.

For the purpose of this debate, displaced aggression refers to a child's tendency to divert anger or negative emotions from unrelated sources towards family members. This includes impatience and reduced tolerance during daily interactions

"Paganism is an umbrella term for polytheistic, nature-based religions practiced in ancient cultures, including but not limited to Greek, Egyptian, Roman, Norse, and Celtic traditions. 

There has been a resurgence of Paganism practices such as witchcraft, divination, and rituals on platforms like TikTok, Instagram, and Youtube, popularized through hashtags like #WitchTok and #WitchesOfInstagram."

"In 2024, The Australian Government passed a new law called the Online Safety Amendment (Social Media Minimum Age) Act. This law introduces a mandatory minimum age of 16 for accounts on certain social media platforms. The ban came into effect on 10 December 2025, and parents can no longer give their consent to let under-16s use these platforms.

Currently, the platforms the ban applies to are YouTube, X, Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, Snapchat, Reddit, Twitch, Threads and Kick. Tech companies that own these platforms could face fines of up to $50 million if they don’t take reasonable steps to stop under-16s from having accounts."